A Secret Weapon for Proposal Research Essay Topics

<h1>A Secret Weapon for Proposal Research Essay Topics </h1> <h2>Understanding Proposal Research Essay Topics </h2> <p>As soon as you have chosen a brilliant research point, the accompanying thing you have to frame is a solid postulation explanation. In light of the subject of the examination, you should uncover the rationale of the proposition. There are a few things which you should remember for an exploration proposition so as to give your manager a prevalent appreciation of the methodology that you might want to take in your examination. Presently you realize how to structure an exploration proposition, it's an ideal opportunity to begin the activity. </p> <p>You may be asking yourself how it is conceivable to compose the exploration proposition results at whatever point you haven't really directed the examination yet. You should incorporate de subtleties of research impediments before you finish the report. While talking about research proposition themes and thoughts, it is important to know that the subject you expect to choose for your exploration proposition should be applicable to the course you're experiencing. Now and again the point you pick for your proposition doesn't bolster the investigation. </p> <p>Being a genuine understudy, you ought to comprehend that understanding a paper proposition is indispensable. Educational plan proposition themes is a way to attempt. A proposition exposition is among the most provocative assignments an understudy can get. Composing a proposition article isn't as troublesome as it would sound, it is unessential the manner in which your educator or instructor portrays it. </p > <h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Proposal Research Essay Topics </h2> <p>Another approach to secure a perfect paper is to utilize the help of a scholarly author. In the event that you are scanning for thoughts regarding how to create an exceptional proposition, it's a smart thought to see or download our formats as a guide. You may even require inquire about composing help to get your A. Utilizing proposition models is a great way to gain from another person's understanding and produce an extraordinary ground-breaking proposal.</p> <p>Proposal expositions are kind of assignments that are provided to the understudies until they begin composing the genuine paper regarding the matter. In the event that you can't think about an astounding proposition exposition subject or don't see how to approach the proposition article, leave it on us to help you in making your imprint with an elegantly composed paper. Individual exposition subjects may change. It's imper ative to choose begging to be proven wrong contentious exposition subjects since you need contradicting focuses that you can counter to your own focuses. </p> <p>Researching and picking a fascinating subject is the significant purpose of composing a paper. Explain how you'll address your theme, distinguish sub-contentions you should demonstrate to make your enormous contention valid. It is conceivable to likewise come to us in case you're searching for some incredible points for your proposition paper. </p> <p>Inspiration to make your own publicizing or media factious paper subjects isn't hard to find. In case you're battling with choosing exposition subjects or composing it, here is the ideal answer. It is conceivable to consolidate a tremendous aggregate of late research, building up a very much idea paper. On the off chance that the embodiment of the test is comprehended, it will be conceivable to explain its spine and to discover all the required hotspots for the research.</p> <h2> Rumors, Deception and Proposal Research Essay Topics </h2> <p>In different words, a proposition article distinguis hes an issue and recommends a solution for that issue. By method of model, training and social insurance exist simply because of tax collection. In this way, there'll consistently be issues, and the target of your proposition paper is to scan for a satisfactory arrangement. Because of the proceeding with debasement of the environmental factors and the negative effects of globalization, it is critical to think of proposition papers with pertinent musings and arrangements. </p> <h2> Proposal Research Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! </h2> <p>To start with, you should consider what words you may use to help portray your theme the absolute best. Clearly, it's critical to choose a theme which you like to expound on. After you've picked your subject, endeavor to make your title infectious and applicable. Finally, you undoubtedly need to pick a point that is fascinating to you and that you care about.</p> <p>Now you know that proposition expositio n must be finished using the recommended structure. A feeble explanation will cause a frail paper so you might want to give it your best. To introduce an incredible paper, the subject and targets should be deliberately investigated. </p> <p>Sure thing, your article won't adjust the planet, however it will introduce your ability and composing aptitudes. There's no need in making an assurance, which medical issue or wonders is increasingly critical right now or what's left in the shadows and ought to be illuminated in any event in your paper. At the point when you're picking your theme, remember that it's a lot more straightforward to expound on something which you as of now have intrigue ineven in the event that you don't have a clue about a decent arrangement about it. Subject to the case of making economies, investigate the association among globalization and democratization The proposition paper themes on globalization will allow you to dig into the absolute most confu sed wonders which happen in this day and age. </p>

Business and Corporate Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Corporate Law - Assignment Example At long last, Speedway left themselves open to extraordinary risk. Speedway’s advancement involved reward air miles being joined to being gathered through local appointments. The ad expressed that any†¨customer who gathered 50000 miles could reclaim them for an online code for the †¨chance to win an incredible scope of prizes, which remembered things for Speedways administrations. †¨Further it said that: †¨Ã¢â‚¬ËœReach 50,000 extra miles and enter the online code for the opportunity to get †¨a winning affirmation email to Speedway’s head office and win the great prize of an all costs paid round the world occasion. Be that as it may, just for a constrained †¨time.’ †¨[100 words]†¨ This is the place the organization turned out badly. They made an offer that they expressed ‘any client who gathered 50,000 miles’ could reclaim them for an online code for the opportunity to win a scope of prizesâ€including the chance of getting a triumphant affirmation email to go to Speedway’s head office so as to get an all-costs paid ‘round the world’ occasion. Speedway ought to possess determined the constrained energy for which the challenge was supported. This could have made their activity a lot simpler when individuals went to the Speedway central command needing to guarantee their prizes. Along these lines, Speedway left themselves obligated. Jim Smith was riding the Net when he ran over Speedway’s Internet †¨advertisement. Quickly he began booking trips for his next occasions and in the wake of †¨collecting the reward air miles he sat tight for his email affirmation. While he was †¨waiting he falls from the fervor at the possibility of winning an all costs †¨paid round the world excursion. He was taken to emergency clinic. †¨[175 words] Speedway isn't subject for the way that Jim crumbled â€Å"in excitement† over the possibility of winning an all-costs paid excursion around the globe. Essentially, it could be contended that his breakdown could have

Empirical research o n rti in Central Information Essays - India

Exact research o n rti in Central Information Essays - India experimental research o n rti in Central Information commission Substance TOC o 1-3 h z u Chapter I: Introduction PAGEREF _Toc373924028 h 1 1.Overview PAGEREF _Toc373924029 h 1 2.Review of Literature PAGEREF _Toc373924030 h 1 3.Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc373924031 h 3 4.Hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc373924032 h 3 5.Objective of Research PAGEREF _Toc373924033 h 3 6.Rationale of Research PAGEREF _Toc373924036 h 3 7.Research Methodology and Design PAGEREF _Toc373924037 h 3 8.Scheme of research PAGEREF _Toc373924038 h 4 section II: Theoretical investigation PAGEREF _Toc373924039 h 5 section III: Empirical investigation PAGEREF _Toc373924040 h 10 Section IV-Recommendations and Suggestions PAGEREF _Toc373924041 h 12 Book reference PAGEREF _Toc373924042 h 13 Annexure I.14 Section I: Introduction Outline The Right to Information Act, 2005 came into power after the Freedom of Information Act, 2002 was revoked. This demonstration came in with the fundamental goal to advance receptiveness, straightforwardness and responsibility in organization. On account of S.P. Gupta v. Leader of India, the Supreme Court previously referenced that The option to know, get and import data has been perceived inside the privilege to the right to speak freely of discourse and articulation. A resident has a central option to utilize the best methods for conferring and accepting data and as such to have an entrance to broadcasting for the reason. In this manner, the privilege to data has been considered as an essential element of the Constitution central right under article 19 (1). Debasement which had flourished at all degrees of administration had forestalled an unmistakable and uninhibited progression of data from the state to the legislature. In contrast to numerous different nations (for example UK) which took quite a while to operationalise the Act post the sanctioning, India took just a couple of months to bring it into power. This time was insufficient to change the outlook of the individuals in Government, make framework, grow new procedures and fabricate ability to convey data under this Act. Along these lines, the point of the paper is to check whether there are any weaknesses to the RTI Act and what should be possible to patch the provisos left by the lawmaking body. Survey of Literature To make this paper the analyst has utilized the assistance of different books, articles and cases to concoct a reasonable research and a decisive answer Books Articles Subhash C. Kashyap , Constitutional Law of India, third Ed, Volume 2, 2008, Wadhwa and Wadhwa , Nagpur . Key Issues and Constraints in executing the RTI Act, Final Understanding the Key Issues and Constraints in actualizing the RTI Act, PricewaterhouseCoopers. Last Understanding the Key Issues and Constraints in executing the RTI Act, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Annexure I. RIGHT TO INFORMATION-A STUDY, Orissa Review , Nov ., 2006. http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Parliament_of_India.pdf . Abhinav Garg , Private schools fall under RTI: Court, Times of India, Published on May 3, 2013, 02.45AM IST, got to at http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/news/39008319_1_ews-amount private-independent schools Official statement by Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances Pensions, Amendment to the Right to Information Act, 2005, Accesed at http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=97577 . Guide For Public Authorities, got to from http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02rti/1_4_2008_IR(Eng).pdf Cases S.P. Gupta v. President AIR 1982 SC 149 Tamil Nadu Road Development Co. Ltd. Versus Tamil Nadu Information Commission and Anr (2008) 145 CompCas 248(Mad) Ravneet Kaur v. The Christian Medical College AIR 1998 PH 1 D.A.V. School Trust and Management Society and Ors. Versus Executive of Public Instruction and Ors AIR2008P H117 Chandigarh University, Village Gharuan v State of Punjab others AIR 2013 PH 187 Shri Nisa Ahmed Srika and others v. LIC lodging Finance Limited and Others CIC/AT/A/2007/0735, 729, 1370 and .CIC/AT/A/2008/1420 Shri Subhash Chandra Aggarwal and Anr v. Indian National Congress/All India Congress Committee (AICC) and Others CIC/SM/C/2011/001386. Research Questions What is the extent of Public Authority under segment 2 (h)? Should ideological groups be incorporated under the extent of Public position? Speculation The scientist feels that the extent of open authority can be extended through understanding and ought to be extended to cover all conceivable open bodies. Target of Research To perceive how the extent of open power is extending and why there is a need to grow this word. To perceive any reason why ideological groups should come extremely close to Open Authority Justification of Research The motivation behind why the scientist took such an undertaking on the grounds that as much as understanding the adequacy of the Act is fundamental, a considerably progressively basic angle is

What You Dont Know About Ball State College Essay Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

<h1> What You Don't Know About Ball State College Essay Could Be Costing to More Than You Think </h1> <p>Our eGift Cards are offered for sure fire transporting, so they're a perfect blessing alternative for Indiana State University Graduation. Graduation rates disclose to you how much time it can take to complete a degree at Indiana State University. </p> <p>So, there's no should be worried about somebody mentioning a discount. We are continually endeavoring to secure the most exact information when it comes to how long are in reality served. Confirmation Essays are here so as to assist you with being prosperous. </p> <h2>The Hidden Truth About Ball State College Essay </h2> <p>You have an incredibly extraordinary chance of raising your score, which will altogether support your likelihood of getting in. A Jacksonville two-run jack in the base of the inning carried the last score to 5-1. I would prefer not to be that way. 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How to Write an Effective Article Review Essay

<h1>How to Write an Effective Article Review Essay</h1><p>A convincing and enlightening article audit paper is an extraordinary method to expand your web based showcasing. You can begin composing a successful article survey paper toward the start of consistently. It will build your online nearness and carry traffic to your site by carrying quality and significant articles to your subscribers.</p><p></p><p>Building trust with your endorsers is basic to driving focused on traffic to your site. Individuals will frequently seek different hotspots for data and will for the most part do a quest for it. To pick up this trust, you should have the option to give quality substance to them to peruse. That is the place an article audit paper comes in.</p><p></p><p>Articles must contain right spelling and legitimate utilization of punctuation and arranging and should likewise be perused in a basic syntax check. Individuals will fee l good perusing and believing an article survey exposition that follows these standards.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that ought to be remembered for your elegantly composed paper is your contact data. On the off chance that somebody has any inquiries or remarks, you ought to be accessible to answer those too. Your endorsers need to comprehend what they can hope to get from buying in to your pamphlet, and your location ought to be accessible as well.</p><p></p><p>Do not offer your supporters data in your instructive article survey that is close to home in nature. Individual subtleties, for example, a name, email address, or telephone number isn't useful in building trust with your supporters. On the off chance that you do remember individual data for your instructive article survey, you will probably lose supporters and have less traffic.</p><p></p><p>Another thought when composing an enlightening article audit is to shun offering an excess of data in a single survey. At the point when individuals are bought in to you, they need the data you are giving them. It is smarter to incorporate an educational article audit that is compact than it is to fill one with bunches of information.</p><p></p><p>Although spelling and syntax are a significant piece of your article survey paper, it is additionally imperative to guarantee that you edit it completely. In the event that you discover slip-ups or need to change a sentence, ensure you have edited it before distributing it. Editing your article before accommodation guarantees that your endorsers will have the option to find out about your item or administration with no issues. What's more, it will assist with shielding you from distributing an insufficient article review.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals are under the feeling that an incredible article survey must be done in a brief timeframe. This is val id. Nonetheless, an instructive article survey that is extensive in nature will likewise set aside a long effort to compose and publish.</p>

Example of Mixed Methods Research Paper Secrets That No One Else Knows About

<h1> Example of Mixed Methods Research Paper Secrets That No One Else Knows About </h1> <h2>Hearsay, Lies and Example of Mixed Methods Research Paper </h2> <p>Additional you ought to likewise specify which sort of test you're doing like accommodation examining and so forth.. For example, a physical location of a house or business exists as a straightforward certainty. You will be satisfied to realize that it has best arrangements like blessing vouchers and so on and should you shop over thousand then you'll get absolutely free conveyance as well. The image of some of the dresses has been shown together with the shading so it will get basic for the purchaser to make the best choice. </p> <p>Therefore, since the essayist audits writing, the writer will begin searching for holes in the writing that might be filled by theories testing. Given the inconceivability of palatable inclusion of a muddled issue in a brisk article, what's more, it alludes to different wellsprings of data for all the more perusing. You acquire a see of your exposition and inquire as to whether vital. </p> <p>A parcel of the writing on blended strategies inquire about is immensely scattered in a tremendous assortment of diaries and different productions. As an approach to make a flourishing thesis it's significant that the essayist initially picks a researchable point. A writing audit is among the crucial measures in the method for composing a quantitative research paper. Presently, a draft survey of writing will be prepared. </p> <h2> The Fundamentals of Example of Mixed Methods Research Paper Revealed</h2> <p>It can allude to the utilization of one research technique over and again, maybe at particular places or even exactly the same area. This third structure is regularly done by means of the utilization of a group made out of an expert in quantitative research, an expert in subjective research, and a master in blended strategies research to help with discourse and consistent reconciliation. For lucidity, when a sizable amount of detail must be appeared , data ought to be appeared in sub-areas as indicated by theme. From the earliest starting point, the scientist or research group must have a smart thought of their assets and the preferences and hindrances of every strategy. </p> <p>The avocation for blended strategy isn't limited to why an analyst uses a blend of strategies, yet in addition how every procedure is fundamental in the entire research. This sort of study delineates utilizing blended systems to clarify subjectively how the quantitative instruments may carry out the responsibility. Correlational research framework is the system of building up an association between a couple of qualified factors. Furthermore, an analyst ought to decide a specific issue that might be examined, depict the techniques and lead an exhaustive investigation. </p> <p>The underlying foundations of the contention come back to the discussions about the character of truth and knowing. There's no bringing together hypothesis of open prosperity. At last, the authentic setting of this contention is a significant component in understanding the contemporary condition. Back to the issue of truth. </p> <p>A quantitative research paper strategy requires the investigation of data gathered from a major number of studies or meetings. Mulling over the irreversible spot of the approach segment of the examination paper, strategy explore paper model must exhibit the technique by which the analyst is probably going to show the theory or perhaps to choose the issue of the examination. The examination utilizes the records in order to portray the foundation of the issue notwithstanding to supplement the got outcomes with the solid logical discoveries. It joins the consequences of a few meetings which were held as discussion so as to build up an ele vated level of certainty between the analyst and the respondent. </p> <h2> Example of Mixed Methods Research Paper Can Be Fun for Everyone </h2> <p>The strategies used in quantitative research paper could be isolated into three gatherings. Likewise make a point to clarify how more established information is as yet identified with exploring the current research issue. Research utilizing a solitary system wouldn't have been in a situation to achieve the very same impacts. For example, specialists utilizing consecutive procedures beginning with subjective research may not distribute their subjective outcomes since they are consigned to steer information status. </p> <p>During the previous two decades, be that as it may, subjective investigations have begun to lose its Cinderella status, turning into a real sort of enquiry, and analysts in the two camps have begun to discover the estimation of each other's information. The creators didn't generally depict the specific strategies that form their blended techniques look into. Simply, the scientist must distinguish and deal with all the proper legitimacy issues confronting a particular research study. </p> <p>Lastly, you'll need to be explicit about whom you're examining. A couple are still understudies. On the off chance that you wished to likewise contemplate the conclusions that the on-line understudies and homeroom understudies had about the character of the classes they had taken, you can need to utilize subjective techniques together with the quantitative methodologies. </p>

Essay Topic - Ideas For the Essay Topic For the 7th Grade Leadership

<h1>Essay Topic - Ideas For the Essay Topic For the seventh Grade Leadership</h1><p>While there are numerous smart thoughts for the exposition theme for the seventh grade administration, it isn't exactly so natural to keep in touch with one that is finished and far reaching. The fact of the matter is, regardless of whether you have a lot of astounding thoughts for the paper point, you will need to consider in the event that they all relate to the topic.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous understudies who need to incorporate thoughts for the article subject, however then they are uncertain on the off chance that they are in accordance with the scholarly gauges that are being anticipated from them. For instance, if the exposition subject relates to character, you have to recollect that each understudy at this evaluation level needs to show their genuine character through the genuineness and respectability that they display.</p><p></ p><p>When understudies are in school, they regularly get thoughts for the article theme from educators. It is imperative to be clear about what is anticipated from the understudy as far as the subjects of the article. Also, a few understudies may feel that they will have the option to compose a paper and will have the option to incorporate thoughts for the exposition subject since they are a great author, yet there are a few understudies who battle with composing at all.</p><p></p><p>The reason that you need to remember these understudies when you are taking a gander at thoughts for the article point is on the grounds that they will be those that will doubtlessly be perusing the paper. On the off chance that they are attempting to compose, at that point they will find that the article won't be as compelling as they may have trusted for.</p><p></p><p>The best thing that you can accomplish for your understudies when you are talk ing about thoughts for the paper subject is to ensure that they are given a few rules to follow. The thought is to get them to comprehend this is where you are requesting that they express their considerations on something, so they can find out about something that will enable them to develop as individuals.</p><p></p><p>This is a similar explanation that you need to ensure that you are furnishing them with thoughts for the article subject that relates to character. You have to guarantee that the understudies are getting thoughts that are pertinent and that they will have the option to show their character through the things that they state in the essay.</p><p></p><p>This is something that will help them in their comprehension of what their identity is, and it will likewise enable them to comprehend what their future will resemble. It is the most ideal approach to urge them to set aside the effort to truly consider the points that rela te to the essay.</p><p></p><p>As referenced prior, this is an incredible time for understudies to compose, yet they have to recollect that they will compose various articles and there are numerous thoughts that are not reasonable for this subject. Remember this when you are attempting to compose a paper that is sufficient to pass the normal seventh grade exam.</p>

Simpilifies Essay Writing - Writing an Essay is Easier Than Ever With Simpilifies

<h1>Simpilifies Essay Writing - Writing an Essay is Easier Than Ever With Simpilifies</h1><p>Simpilifies paper composing is a basic yet incredibly viable composing device. It permits you to structure your whole paper without the utilization of extravagant and complex article markup dialects or programming. You essentially compose your exposition and watch as it is transformed into an essay.</p><p></p><p>This doesn't imply that you don't have to become familiar with about the article and the article instruments. Truth be told, there are approaches to do that notwithstanding this new strategy. In any case, the reason for Simpilifies exposition composing is to make your composition as straightforward as could reasonably be expected. So in case you're composing a paper in any case, you're as of now in front of the game.</p><p></p><p>Let's face it; in case you're attempting to get an evaluation on your article, you don't ha ve the opportunity to spend on the different instruments you'll be utilizing. You need to invest energy in the topic. Simpilifies paper composing goes to the point. It tells you the best way to arrange your considerations and your exposition to take advantage of it. That is truly what makes it work.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of sorts of programming you can use to assist you with your schoolwork in school, however not every person's exposition needs are the equivalent. Huge numbers of the authors that I've worked with utilize different sorts of programming. They use word processors to design their exposition. At that point they'll utilize article records to make the genuine essay.</p><p></p><p>Some individuals think they need to make their inquiry structure progressively liquid. All things considered, Simpilifies paper composing tells you precisely how to structure an inquiry, with the goal that you can hold a straight way to the end. This happens naturally when you do your exploration. All the exploration you need, you definitely know how to do.</p><p></p><p>If you're pondering helping your mom with an article, probably the best answer for helping her comprehend her musings is the Simpilifies paper composing device. The instrument is totally free. It lets you plan your whole article in a moment. It tells you the best way to sort out your musings and an article is simpler when you use Simpilifies exposition writing.</p><p></p><p>Everyone who's at any point needed to compose a paper has thought about whether they could transform their contemplations into a sound exposition. The device removes the entirety of that stress. It tells you the best way to structure your musings and your paper is anything but difficult to read.</p><p></p><p>It additionally gives you an interesting method to compose your considerations. You should simply comp ose your exposition. The device goes to the core of the issue and causes you do precisely that. Presently you can sit back and relax realizing that you'll have the option to transform your contemplations into a totally reasonable, amazing essay.</p>

What You Need to Do About Fools Crow Essay Topics Beginning in the Next 10 Minutes

<h1> What You Need to Do About Fools Crow Essay Topics Beginning in the Next 10 Minutes</h1> <h2> Understanding Fools Crow Essay Topics </h2> <p>Some people live their lives dependent on their religion while some don't figure you should consider that dynamic with respect to deciding guidelines for everyone. Numerous individuals end up covering precisely the same tired themes they find in the media day by day, simply because they can't deliver a superior thought. All people should be allowed to get free high instruction. Show or offer guides to make the crowd comprehend the way that it works and the way that it understands the issue. </p> <p>To start with, in case you're organizing a convincing discourse, you should consider a theme that may make mental pictures in the brains of your crowd. Iranian atomic arrangement is obviously better than no arrangement at all. There are the individuals who don't bolster such choices. Settling on the most appropriate theme for an influential discourse is infrequently not such a simple issue to do as it would show up. </p> <p>If you're real, it's not possible for anyone to compose the indistinguishable exposition as you! Of the entirety Of the incredible school article subjects, no point was chosen. </p> <p>When it has to do with composing a pugnacious paper, the most vital issue to do is to choose a point and a contention you can truly get behind. At the very same time, it's an awesome convincing article thought. In any case, making sense of the absolute best subject for your exposition isn't your solitary worry for an understudy. There are a ton of fascinating themes that could be become an influential exposition in the event that you accept the open door to consider doing it. </p> <p>You need to know all pieces of budgetary subjects after you pick them. In the event that it's a school paper, it is basic to consider what parts of it will be assessed. You might be having article subjects that are difficult to inquire about or that require explore materials which are not promptly advertised. It will be more straightforward that you make an unrivaled influential paper if it's a subject where you have information. </p> <p>You might be approached to settle on an appropriate theme for your exposition paper and you're running low on thoughts. Prior to really starting to form your exposition, you need to pick an issue to expound on. Most issues can have papers on all the previously mentioned questions. </p> <p>You are a veritable master with respect to enticing paper subjects. On the contrary side, gaining a rundown of good convincing paper points is insufficient. Take notes concerning every forthcoming point it's conceivable to consider. Clearly, points which are as yet important in 2018 are the absolute best. </p> <p>The question might be a piece of your presentation, or it might make a great title. Characteristics of an astounding powerful article point The theme should be explicit. Consequently, you must run over enough considerable proof for the particular point. </p> <p>Everyone might want to show up great. Idiot's Crow is a genuine mission legend. Doing this, you'll unquestionably locate your optimal exposition title effectively and quicker. Everyone ought to need to practice each and every day. </p> <p>Share your comprehension of schools that you think may be an unrivaled fit and with which understudies probably won't be recognizable. Today best school affirmation papers give a serious edge for secondary school graduates trying to become green beans in most of renowned and solid colleges in the usa and UK. To safeguard your subject, you may review the impact of over-burden plan on school grades. A huge number of understudies visit our sites to make utilization of our model articles because of the remaining of our site. </p>

Strategy of international Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Technique of worldwide Business - Assignment Example The interest drivers for ABC could be the extension in innovation, country’s financial development and the rising degrees of extra cash. A natural examination of the organization has been done as it will help in underscoring the open doors just as perceiving the dangers from which the organization can get hurt. Worldwide social decent variety at ABC is clarified. It centers around the way that the organization invites thoughts and assessment of their representatives to guarantee that they speak to the universal commercial center. They accept that having an assorted staff is significant to their business. The control procedure and correspondence arrangement of the organization is additionally contemplated. Among the normalization and adaption approach, normalization approach has been proposed for the organization on the grounds that the normalization strategy impacts the economies of scale which encourages in bringing down the expense. ABC, through their shows fulfills the diff erent needs of crowd, which is one of the attributes of normalization approach. One of the principle purposes behind the selection of normalization approach is that ABC doesn't have to separate its administration or items from its friends as the organization is as of now offering high evaluated appears on its channel. The advertising blend of the organization is likewise contemplated. A market improvement technique is proposed for ABC since all shows are as of now well known and cherished by the current clients and it can extend its business by tapping the new clients. The organization could receive a few advancement procedures to make new clients mindful of their shows. It has been likewise suggested that ABC ought to embrace authorizing section procedure since it will bring about the expansion of their income. Worldwide business incorporates whole business exchanges, for example, administrative and private deals, transportations, coordinations and speculations that occur between various countries, nations and areas

Is Shylock a Victim or a Villain? Essay

Shylock: Victim or Villain? With close reference to in any event three scenes analyze Shakespeare’s introduction of Shylock. Is a miscreant somebody who loans cash to help other people however then charges premium? Planning to get a pound of human tissue bringing about unavoidable passing if a guarantee is broken, most likely this is someone who is seen as a scalawag. A similar man who has encountered partiality and segregation for his entire life simply because of his religion, which would be incomprehensible in present day, has this man currently transformed into a casualty? Shakespeare a play author of the sixteenth century, a lot more imaginative, advanced and educated then the Elizabethan crowd he composed this play for whom would have seen Shylock as a Jew a lowlife, presents Shylock in an increasingly mind boggling way. Jews were thought of by Christians as difficult non-adherents and were blamed for harming wells and spreading the plague. Shylock was demonstrated to be treated as every one of these things were valid, yet he had an intricacy about him as a group of people today, against segregation and tolerating other religion and societies, would have sympathy, compassion and put him towards the casualty classification. Anyway attempting to kill somebody for vengeance, this is clear villainy to anyone now or a great many years prior. All through the play we ask ourselves, is Shylock a reprobate or a casualty? Shakespeare expects this as he gives Shylock emotive talks about imbalance, which repudiates Shylock similar to a reprobate. Shylock as a character speaks to the Old Testament, Judaism, which is the conviction of equity, revenge and keeping the law by the letter. Shakespeare gives an unmistakable message about Justice against Antonio for all that he has done towards Shylock; he needs to get his retribution inside the law subsequently the bond. Shylock discusses the Old Testament with Bassanio and Antonio in Act 1: Scene 3, â€Å"This Jacob from our Holy Abram.† Christianity, the New Testament, follows leniency and pardoning. The Duke and Antonio both show leniency towards Shylock when he has indicated none. Shakespeare initially presents Shylock in Act1: Scene3. With no stage headings we need to translate what a character resembles just through what they state. â€Å"Three thousand Ducats-well.† His first line is about cash. Shakespeare right away gives us the feeling that his lone premium is cash. This is additionally the situation when he is at home with Jessica, his little girl and away from work. He clarifies how he longed for cash packs yet doesn't recognize his girl or show her any love. Anyway we later discover that cash isn't the main thing at the forefront of his thoughts however his yearning scorn for Antonio. Shylock detests him for he is a Christian however more since he loans cash with no premium. â€Å"I abhor him for he is a Christian. However, more, for that low in straightforwardness he loans out cash gratis.† Antonio’s loathe is responded as he contrasts Shylock and the Devil and different creatures like mutts. In the ring plot including Portia and the coffins the primary Prince is from Morocco, who was dark, picked the gold coffin however it was not the right one. The composition of a Devil according to An Elizabethan crowd was dark. Moreover he has been related with the fallen angel by his own girl and furthermore Salerio and Salanio alluded to him as the villain in Act 3: Scene 1. This contempt between them is acquainted uniquely with develop all through the play. Shakespeare is extremely astute and drops indicates about Shylock’s character and the moves he will make toward the beginning of the play. Shylock mumbles â€Å"Cursed be my clan, in the event that I ever excuse him.† He will show no kindness towards Antonio and he doesn't in the preliminary scene in Act 4: Scene 1. It difficult to choose whether Shylock is a casualty or reprobate when he is first presented as we find out about what he has needed to endure, being known as a â€Å"misbeliever†, â€Å"cut throat dog† and others spitting on his facial hair for the explanation that he is a Jew. We have sympathy and compassion toward the things he has needed to suffer which implies we can't stick to a one of a kind perspective on Shylock as a reprobate. He needs individuals to regard him and like him yet he can't show any warmth or regard towards his own little girl. He shows a similar disdain back towards Antonio and in the event that he gets him out, â€Å"If I get him once upon the hip, I will take care of fat the antiquated resentment I bear him.† he will deliver his retribution. Curling up all the disdain he has acquired has made him give the doubt and scorn to others without being absolutely mindful he is doing as such. Minutes after the fact he discusses being Antonio’s companion and charging him no intrigue. This unexpected difference in feeling and thought gives the crowd a doubt that he is arranging something. We no longer consider him a casualty alone, he has demonstrated us through his discourse and activities that he has a villainies path about him. He despises him for he is a Christian similarly as the way Antonio loathes Shylock for he is a Jew. Would it be a good idea for us to now feel compassion toward Antonio? We don’t and I think Shakespeare has chosen to depict Shylock as additional as a Victim in this scene is to catch the Elizabethan crowd alone. A casualty is something contrary to what they would have thought of him yet Shakespeare is attempting to communicate something specific. They would have however of him to be a cliché scoundrel yet he isn't Shakespeare has added multifaceted nature to his character. A connection among father and little girl is without a doubt the most valuable, the connection among Shylock and Jessica. Anyway we before long get familiar with a very surprising anecdote about the threatening condition when they are as one and the profoundly covered scorn of Shylock from his lone Daughter. Act 2: Scene 3 is the place we initially meet Jessica, we figure out how miserable she is eager to leave her old neighborhood and convert to Christian so as to be with Lorenzo and away from her dad, â€Å"I have a Father, you a Daughter lost.† Jessica is additionally embarrassed to be her Fathers youngster. Again we hear correlations among Shylock and the Devil: ‘Our house is heck, and thou, a cheerful Devil’. Shylock has not seen Jessica’s odd conduct, excessively found his own issues and fixation on cash. This gives us that in spite of the fact that he may cherish Jessica he doesn't show it, he isn't keen and can’t read his own daughter’s despondency. Act 2: Scene 3 when we initially find out about her eagerness to run away to Act 2: Scene 6 when she leaves with Lorenzo for Belmont. The inescapable occurs however was this, the defining moment for Shylock. Was his little girl fleeing the fact of the matter were Shylock would go similarly as endeavoring to murder a man for his retribution? In any event before he had somebody who admired him, adored him and took care of him, or so he thought. The disgrace would have overpowered him, his own fragile living creature and blood transforming into a Christian. I think he dreaded the most what others would state; they would taunt him much more once this news had spread. Shylock, his lone youngster that he has purchased up independent has fled, disregarding him absolutely as he has just been bereft. He is clearly controlling over Jessica, â€Å"Do as I offer you, shut entryways after you. Quick tie, quick find.† This controlling way could likewise be ascribed to the over defensive nature of a caring single parent. Shakespeare has proposed for us to consider Shylock the person in question and we identify with him and yet we feel for Jessica. In Act 2: Scene 5 we see Shylock and Jessica alone. Toward the beginning Shylock talks about cash in a roundabout way indeed, he is engrossed and thinks more about material things than his lone little girl. Shakespeare additionally depicts the relationship as an unbalanced one with Jessica not saying a lot yet when she does it is an untruth: â€Å"His words were ‘Farewell Mistress’ and nothing else.† When, indeed, they had been discussing Lancelot. A Christian. She is hesitant from the start: â€Å"Call you? What is you will?† however by the end she is letting her feelings and genuine sentiments out: â€Å"Farewell and if my fortune be not crossed, I have a Father, you a girl lost.† Shylock doesn't have the foggiest idea about his own little girl yet holds something over her, which makes her terrified and somewhat embarrassed to sell out him. Through Jessica we consider Shylock to be an old, pitiless man. Fiend, heck, blood, embarrassed and dullness are largely words that Jessica identified with her dad. In the sixteenth century girls ought to have regarded their dads, even right up 'til today they despite everything appear to be somewhat outrageous. Th ese words don’t show regard, just despise. In Act 2: Scene 8, Shakespeare has chosen to play this scene so we hear the data second hand. Salerio and Salanio are tattling about how they have seen Lorenzo and Jessica on a Gondola getting away. The two characters could play this scene in a chuckling way loaded with jokes. I think this is the manner by which Shakespeare planned it to be played. Doing it like this would mean as a crowd of people we would likewise be impacted by the kidding air and along these lines feel less thoughtful towards Shylock. The Elizabethan crowd would have adored this, as they would be in the shoes of Salerio and Salanio, ridiculing Shylock about his misfortune. We would feel drastically progressively thoughtful if Shylock had spoken this discourse without anyone else. Anyway in this scene Shakespeare depicts Shylock as a reprobate in the manner he discusses the trip of his Daughter. A solitary parent loosing their lone girl ought to have been the most noticeably terrible conceivable result possible. Disturbance, pain, misery and outrage ought to have been the things that were felt. They were yet not for his little girl Jessica, however Shylocks cash, gems and riches. Our compassion develops as Shylock is depicted as a casualty yet is stripped away when we learn he is increasingly keen on his valuable stones and gems that have been taken: â€Å"My girl! O my ducats! O my little girl! †¦ And gems, two stones, two rich and valuable stones. Took

Argumentative Essay Topics About Immigration Will Helps Students Learn About Their College Course

<h1>Argumentative Essay Topics About Immigration Will Helps Students Learn About Their College Course</h1><p>There are a ton of pugnacious article points about movement that will definitely give understudies an incredible instruction. This is likewise valid for understudies that are in school, and they should concentrate on these points so as to figure out how to contend viably. There are numerous advantages that an understudy can get from perusing these papers. This article will give some valid justifications why these points are amazingly useful.</p><p></p><p>Students who are in school will have an assortment of classes that they should take. So as to know these classes, they should ensure that they comprehend the educational program. This is the reason it is significant for them to get however much data as could be expected before beginning their classes. Understudies who are in school should realize which classes they need to take, and wh at they have to do to effectively complete every one of them. They will likewise need to ensure that they know the course necessities for each class, with the goal that they can concentrate appropriately and ace the entirety of their classes.</p><p></p><p>Students additionally need to ensure that they are not overlooking any of their classes or they probably won't have the option to finish their course prerequisites. In the event that understudies are feeling the loss of any of their classes, at that point they may pass up getting kudos for those classes. Too, on the off chance that understudies are going to a class that they don't see well, at that point they won't have the option to finish the class. They should figure out how to peruse and compose unmistakably, just as how to be sorted out. This is the reason article subjects about movement are important.</p><p></p><p>It is likewise significant for understudies to discover contentio ns that they can compose well in these contentious exposition points about migration. They should consider manners by which they can clarify why they feel the way that they do about movement. By doing this, they will have the option to introduce their focuses plainly and succinctly, and they will pick up the advantage of accepting a superior evaluation in each class. Understudies will likewise should have the option to maintain a strategic distance from predisposition when they are composing their papers. At the point when they compose papers, they will regularly incorporate others' suppositions about specific subjects. In the event that they do this, they won't just be adding to the assessments of others, however they will likewise be adding to the assessments of different understudies in the class. In the event that they feel that they can't compose with certainty, at that point they will probably make some hard memories traversing their classes, and this will contrarily influence their grades.</p><p></p><p>Students that are in school should work more earnestly so as to become familiar with the entirety of the realities. There are a wide range of intriguing subjects that they should learn, and they should ensure that they have learned them all before they are permitted to compose a paper. Articles should be a free, target method for learning, and they should have the option to demonstrate that they have gotten the hang of everything that they have to learn. Without the correct data, understudies won't have the option to create top notch expositions. Without the entirety of the data, understudies should invest energy and exertion looking for it.</p><p></p><p>Argumentative exposition themes about movement will assist understudies with doing only that. By having an assortment of themes, they will have the option to concentrate on the subjects that they know best, and they will get a higher evaluation in each class . This is the reason understudies should take a gander at this subject as an alternative when they are searching for an approach to assist them with making more companions in their classes.</p>

Examples Of Aestheticism In The Picture Of Dorian Gray

Oscar Wilde was one of the most famous writers in the history of England. He lived in the 19th century and was one of the major contributors to the Aesthetic movement. He was a spokesperson for aestheticism. He tried his hand at various literary activities. He was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist and poet. He refined his ideas about the importance of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of duplicity, beauty and decadence. He incorporated all these vital characteristics that define the supremacy of art into his only novel The Picture of Dorian gray written in 1890. This novel bore the true essence of what an aesthetic literature brought to the table. The strong themes of beauty, narcissism, and†¦show more content†¦The portrayal of women, as nothing more than props; as household decorations and people of leisure and entertainment without any intellect or wit calls to question of how Wilde’s views of women are. It has been conjectured that the reason for this apathy for women characterization is due to his sexual orientation. He being a homosexual brings about the idea that he doesn’t want a female character with a decent role or to ever be in the position to ever sexualize a female character. The Character Henry Wotton is a very powerful and dominant character. He is an intelligent man and never lets up a moment to propagate his hedonistic and misogynistic viewpoints. It is believed that Lord Henry is the mouthpiece that Wilde uses to voice his own views and opinions. So, we can, to some extent, associate Lord Henry to Wilde and question his viewpoints on people and society. One of his quotes extracted from the novel illustrates how he talks about women- â€Å"My dear boy, no woman is a genius. Women are a decorative sex. They never have anything to say, but they say it charmingly. Women represent the triumph of matter over mind, just as men represent the triumph of mind over morals† (4.9) This quote was taken from one of the many sage advices that Lord Henry imparts to Dorian. Dorian was a kid who was brought up humble, gentle and was taught notShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Aestheticism Analysis1585 Words   |  7 Pagesclaim made by Oscar Wilde in the preface to his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (3). Along with the rest of Wilde’s preface, this sentence rebukes literary realism in favor of aestheticism. This is unsurprising to anyone who is familiar with the playwright’s other plays and lectures; Wilde was an avid opponent of realism and a firm believer in the concept of â€Å"art for art’s sake.† Critic Elizabeth Prettejohn claims that aestheticism includes a focus on the visual elements of a piece of art. OscarRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Grey, by Oscar Wilde771 Words   |  4 Pagespeople; and is filled with hardships and trouble over â€Å"doing the right thing†. One quality cannot be held without losi ng the other, due to their conflicting natures. While the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray brings out the central question â€Å"Is it better to pursue Aesthetics or Morality?† it describes the life of Dorian Gray, who constantly sought to maintain his appearance at the cost of his morals, and answers the question by revealing the consequences of living Mr. Gray’s â€Å"beautiful† lifestyle. InRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis830 Words   |  4 Pagesand the way the characters themselves interact with both their own thoughts and the world around them. In the works chosen, the appearances of the characters to be analyzed fall on opposite ends of the spectrum of aestheticism. Dorian Gray, from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray possesses an â€Å"...extraordinary personal beauty (Wilde 1),† one that controls other character’s reception of him, as well as affecting his own inner thoughts, for he knows that he seen as beautiful. On the oppositeRead MoreAestheticism In Oscar Wildes The Picture Of Dorian Gray1532 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Aestheticism, which found its footing in Europe in the early nineteenth century, proposed that art ‘need not serve moral, political, or otherwise didactic ends.’ Irish poet and playwright Oscar Wilde was a dramatic leader in promoting the movement near the end of the nineteenth century. The English essayist Walter Pater, an advocate of art for arts sake, helped to form society’s aesthetics in which they was more concerned with the self, than with popular movements like IndustrialismRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray 1823 Words   |  8 PagesAestheticism is a philosophy in which its followers practice complete self-indulgence. Aesthetic principles teach that the arts, beauty, and youth are absolute over anything else. People who follow this philosophy are very egotistical, and are extremely concerned with appearances. It is often associated with jewelry, painting, music, and perfumes. (insert quote to prove) All followers of Aestheticism put activities pertainin g to beauty above anything else. Their priorities hold beauty above attributesRead MoreAbstract Aestheticism in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray2148 Words   |  9 Pagesexpression, but also one of social advancement. With this idea at its forefront, art suddenly inundated places where art was never previously found, such as social education and morality. In contrast, Oscar Wilde was a key advocate of an idea known aestheticism, a concept that relied on art simply being art. Oscar Wilde played a major role in Victorian England, having a major influence through his writing. At its peak the movement had a disdain for any traditional, natural, political, or moral ideals;Read MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pagesexception. In creating the story of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde used his experience of sitting in on a painting session, done by a Basil Ward. He then proceeded to comment on how it would be amazing if the painting aged while the subject of the painting did not. Throughout the novel, we notice this kind of lifestyle being lived out by Dorian and Lord Henry, but we also see how Dorian handles his conscience based on his actions. The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel that, while it has its controversiesRead MoreAestheticism in The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesAestheticism was a popular dogma in the late 1800s that centered on the belief that art should exist for beauty alone. This doctrine is defined as an â€Å"exaggerated devotion to art, music, or poetry, with indifference to practical matters† and â€Å"the acceptance of artistic beauty and taste as a fundamental standard, ethical and other standards being secondary† (â€Å"Aestheticism,† def. 1 and 2). In Oscar Wilde’s sole novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, aestheticism is a fashionable belief accepted by societyRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde1967 Words   |  8 Pages In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde disputes the role and conflicts between Aestheticism and morality. He exposes his contradictions and inner struggles throughout his three main characters: Lord Henry, a nobleman who criticizes the moralism and hypocrisy of Victorian society and openly expresses his Aesthetic thoughts, Dorian Gray, a handsome model influenced by Lord Henry’s views on beauty and morality, and Basil Hallward, an artist captivated by Dorian’s beauty. The novel mainly dealsRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1564 Words   |  7 PagesTheories and Ideas in The Picture of Dorian Gray Oscar Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray was published in 1891. The novel reflects the authors carelessness and hastiness. The plot of the story is simple, however, the issues that come about are very complex. The novel is about three characters: Basil Hallward, Lord Henry, and Dorian Gray. In the beginning of the story, Basil paints a portrait of Dorian and gives it to him as a present. Lord Henry talks about the importance of being young and

The College Board Connecting Students to College Success Free Essays

Professional DeveloPment AP Spanish Language  ® Teaching Listening Comprehension Special Focus 08-1442. AP. SF. We will write a custom essay sample on The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now Spanish. indd 1 8/15/08 2:59:34 PM The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,400 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT ®, the PSAT/NMSQT ®, and the Advanced Placement Program ® (AP ®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns. For further information, visit www. collegeboard. com. The College Board acknowledges all the third-party content that has been included in these materials and respects the intellectual property rights of others. If we have incorrectly attributed a source or overlooked a publisher, please contact us. Page 14, 16: â€Å"Lluvias en Costa Rica dejan 18 muertos† from Radio de las Naciones Unidas, October 19, 2007 (http://www. un. org/radio/es/detail/6528. html). Used by permission of the United Nations.  © 2008 The College Board. All rights reserved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, AP Vertical Teams, connect to college success, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com. 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 2 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Brant Hadzima 2. Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 ann mar 3. General Strategies for AP ® Spanish Listening Comprehension . . . . . . . . . 31 Brant Hadzima 4. Listening Strategies for Multiple-Choice Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 maria redmon 5. Listening Strategies in Preparation to Speak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Daizha Heberling 6. Listening Strategies in Preparation to Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Jill Pellettieri 7. About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 8. About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 iii 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 3 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 4 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM Introduction Brant Hadzima Newfound Regional High School Bristol, New Hampshire The AP ® Spanish Language Examination is an assessment designed to determine a student’s overall level of fluency in Spanish. This summative language examination employs a variety of authentic assessments that require students to demonstrate competence and fluency in Spanish. Most recently, the examination has been revised to best assess authentic use of the language, and the spirit and intent of the new examination is based wholly upon assessing integrated language skills. The four essential skills required to communicate fluently in a language are reading, writing, speaking, and listening. These skills are interconnected, and therefore the AP Spanish Language Examination does not assess them separately. Virtually every aspect of the examination requires students to integrate all four of these skills in some form in order to perform a particular task. In preparing for the examination it is important that the teacher instruct, practice, and assess all of these four individual skills. Although ideally classes should be designed to integrate skills as much as possible, it is important to first ensure that all four skills are properly developed. One cannot simply assume that because a student can write fluently in a language, he or she can also speak it with the same level of competence. The skills may be intrinsically interrelated, but they certainly do not develop uniformly. In some instances it may be necessary to allocate more time and effort to master one specific area of competency than another. Therefore, the intent of this unit is to focus predominately on one of the four essential skills: listening comprehension. Instruction, practice, and assessments have been specifically designed to hone listening comprehension skills. This unit can be used as a full AP Spanish listening comprehension unit, or components of the unit may be utilized for additional remediation in listening comprehension as needed. 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 1 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension The authors have made every effort to provide appropriate pedagogical research as well as practical suggestions for classroom strategies designed to develop listening comprehension skills. As the title states, this special focus unit is based upon integrating listening comprehension skills across the modes of communication. There are several modes of communication that are assessed in the AP Spanish Examination, and consequently the unit is separated into five sections to address these modes: †¢ Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Skills †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ GeneralStrategiesforAPSpanishListeningComprehension ListeningStrategiesforMultiple-ChoiceAssessments ListeningStrategiesinPreparationtoSpeak ListeningStrategiesinPreparationtoWrite Finally, although listening comprehension prompts on the AP Spanish Language Examination will inevitably vary in style, format, and content, the authors have endeavored to address a variety of means in which listening comprehension can be assessed. It is the intent of the authors to provide not only research-based theory but also practical strategies that can be readily employed and also further adapted to address all styles of listening comprehension assessment. 2 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 2 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies ann mar Alamo Heights High School San Antonio, Texas The Challenge of AP ® Listening Comprehension Success on the AP Spanish Language Exam requires highly developed listening comprehension skills—skills that cannot be achieved in a one-year AP course. Success depends on vertical teaming—the coordinated work of all the teachers from the beginning levels through the AP course. To make the goals of equity and access to AP success a reality, we need to provide ALL students at every level the opportunity to develop strong listening skills. To start teaching with the end in mind, all teachers in the program must be familiar with the AP Exam, and in particular with the role listening comprehension plays on the test. Four separate parts of the test, totaling 60 percent of the score, rely to some extent upon the student’s ability to understand spoken Spanish. A description of those AP Spanish Language Exam tasks that include a listening component follows. Multiple-Choice Listening (20%) This section includes a series of short and long dialogues and narrations testing a student’s ability to comprehend the main idea, understand details, make inferences, make predictions, and infer social relationships. The test consists of 30 to 35 questions and lasts around 30–35 minutes. Formal Writing (Integrated Skills) (20%) One of the three sources students must incorporate in their formal essay is an audio recording, which is played 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. ndd 3 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension only once. Students must take notes and refer to the source in their essay, synthesizing rather than merely summarizing. Informal Speaking – Simulated Conversation (10%) Students participate in a conversation, creating 5–6 responses of 20 seconds each to audio prompts. Students follow a functiona l script, reacting to the recorded stimulus. The task requires real-time processing for immediate response; the thread of the conversation may include unexpected twists requiring accurate listening comprehension and quick thinking. Formal Oral Presentation (Integrated Skills) (10%) One of the two sources for the formal oral presentation is an audio recording played only once. Students must take notes and refer to the source in the oral presentation, comparing rather than only summarizing. There are additional challenges. The listening passages include a broad variety of regional accents and cover a wide range of academic, social and cultural topics. The recordings may include background distractions such as music or ambient noise, and may have a rapid rate of delivery as is normal in radio news. Pre-AP Strategies To start preparing students for these challenges from the start, I have outlined 10 strategies that teachers of beginning and intermediate levels can use to build students’ listening skills starting at the beginning levels. The strategies, sample activities, sources, and rubrics proposed here are meant to contribute to the lively exchange of ideas and experiences among teachers. I encourage teachers to try these and other strategies and share your successes and difficulties via the AP Electronic DiscussionGroup,anddepartmentandprofessionalmeetings. Principles for Building Listening Comprehension Strategy 1: Teach in Spanish and teach about the Spanish-speaking world. Strategy 2:Getthemostoutoftextbook listening materials. Strategy 3: Design listening activities that provide evidence of engagement, including note taking. Strategy 4: Use authentic materials, with scaffolding tasks. Strategy 5: Develop generic tasks for listening, and use them often. 4 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 4 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Strategy 6: Vary the evaluation of listening tasks making it appropriate to the purpose of the task. Strategy 7: Develop your skill at finding appropriate listening materials on the web. Strategy 8:Getstudentsspeaking with native speakers early on, and use technology to share their conversations with classmates. Strategy 9: Teach and practice component skills like recognizing cognates, listening for gist, etc. Strategy 10: Create a culture of listening in your classroom and program. Strategy 1: Teach in Spanish, and teach about the Spanish speaking world. From Spanish I onward, use Spanish to teach. Teach and use the words and expressions needed for classroom routines right from the start. Classroom instructions and interaction is authentic communication, and is comprehensible, because it is â€Å"here and now. Established routines help minimize the need for English explanations. Team with your whole department to educate administrators, counselors, and parents about your approach. Praise and grant occasional random rewards for attentive students who immediately follow instructions given in Spanish. The more students know about the countries, cities, regions, physic al and human geography, history, art, conflicts, challenges, and traditions, the better equipped they will be to understand authentic listening passages produced in and for the cultures of the Spanish-speaking world. Throughout the program, we need to build students’ knowledge of the Spanish-speaking world. Assign students a country, and then periodically ask them to report to the class about that country, regarding the topic at hand. For instance, in a unit on the environment, students report on the park system, endangered species, or environmental challenges of â€Å"their† country. In a unit on careers, have them research and report on two or three large employers in the country, or an aspect of the economy of the country. In a unit on food, each student can provide details of the national cuisine. This type of reporting can begin at the earliest levels, with research in English, Spanish, or both. Strategy 2: Get the most out of the textbook listening materials. Use the listening activities in your textbook, then reuse them and recycle them. Consider having â€Å"listening quizzes† or â€Å"listening tests† separate from other elements to emphasize its importance. Include easy, short passages and longer, more difficult 5 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 5 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension ones. On tests, sometimes you can use listening passages you have done previously in class, but with different questions. This will reward students for paying close attention during practice activities that are not for a grade. When the textbook provides â€Å"listen along† audio recordings of reading passages, start the activity by listening to a minute or two without looking at the written text, just to let students see how much they can â€Å"catch† without reading. Have students jot down the words they hear on a piece of paper, then share with class, writing a list on the board. Then read along, and do textbook reading activities. Then go back over the list. Praise the class on how much they could hear, and note to them how their skills improve throughout the year. The next day, listen again without looking, and see if they feel they understand more. The goal is to build students’ confidence in their ability to improve their listening skills. Strategy 3: Design listening activities that provide evidence of engagement, including note taking. Students should DO something while listening in order to provide evidence of engagement. Ideas for types of evidence follow: †¢ notefamiliarwords †¢ writedownallnumbersyouhear (good for weather reports, sports news, economic news) †¢ checkwordsheardoffalist(prepare the list ahead of time, or have students predict words they might hear) †¢ fillinachartwithinformation †¢ fillinapartialscript(leave out cognates, familiar words, or numbers, etc. ) †¢ writedownanswerstobasicwho, what, when, where, why questions †¢ answerpreparedtrue/falseormultiple-choicequestions †¢ useâ€Å"thumbsup†orâ€Å"thumbsdown†toansweryes/noquestions Attachment A (p. 3) provides a simple chart students complete as evidence of engagement while listening to a series of interviews with native speakers found on a University of Texas Web site. Strategy 4: Create scaffolding tasks to help students to approach authentic materials from the start. Use authentic listening passages, full speed right from the beginning levels, but scaffold the activity by at first providing tasks that support, rather than test, students’ understanding. To make the listening more accessible to students, choose 6 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. ndd 6 8/15/08 2:59:35 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies passages on topics you are working on in your textbook. You can pair authentic listening passages with short written texts on the same topic, providing background knowledge, especially if the material or setting is unfamiliar to students. Provide students with unusual names of people, organizations, or locations mentioned in the passage, as these names are especially difficult to catch. Use a listening process, analogous to the reading process, including the following steps. A. Prelistening activity Activate prior knowledge of vocabulary or the topic; make predictions based on a headline, photograph, or theme; personalize by relating to students’ experience; connect to studies in other classes. Tell students the topic, encourage brainstorming of known vocabulary, then offer to preteach five vocabulary words they don’t know but think they’ll need to understand the program. You could get the class to make a list of 10 words, and then you could translate the 5 words they decide they need the most. B. Have students listen with a purpose, providing concrete evidence of their comprehension. Focus student attention on specific elements, and require each student to show evidence of what was heard. Build in opportunities to hear the listening passage more than once. Provide extension tasks for those who have completed the first task on the first listening, letting others continue to focus on the basic skill. At times, provide transcripts to follow when listening, to help students recognize words they know when they see them, in the stream of speech. C. Cooperative listening After students provide some evidence of what they hear themselves, have students share their results ORALLY with a partner, noting the partner’s answers in another color, for instance, using a green pen. This will allow you to distinguish what was gathered independently from the details students got from a classmate. Be sure to require all students to note or check off what their partners heard, even if the students already wrote down what they themselves heard. On a final listening, or with a transcript, students can verify what was actually in the recording. D. Apply/connect Have students use the information gained in listening in another task such as writing a summary, making a comparison, making a prediction, 7 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 7 8/15/08 2:59:36 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension connecting to personal experience, reflecting on the learning process, writing about strategies, etc. Attachment B (p. 14) illustrates scaffolding by using the listening process in a simple â€Å"Checklist† activity. Novice-level students can successfully listen to an authentic source to develop the ability to recognize known vocabulary in the stream of authentic speech. The students simply listen to a passage and check words they hear, and skip words that are not in the passage. Then they compare lists with a classmate, listen again, and finally check their work against a script. The checklist and two colors of pens will allow the teacher to evaluate each student’s engagement in the activity, independent and cooperative listening skills, and the ability to extend or apply what was learned. The sample activity in the attachment was designed around a Radio Naciones Unidas report on torrential rains in Costa Rica. Strategy 5: Develop generic listening tasks and use them often. Many Web sources have high-interest audio news and information with accompanying written information. When the files are available to download and save on a computer, teachers can develop activities around these sound files, and keep them for future use. But it is difficult to find the time to prepare specific questions about today’s news each week, and many great Web sites have audio files that are not availablefordownloadingandthatmaynotbeavailableforreusenextyear. Generic tasks cut down preparation time and allow the listening task to become routine, which will help build confidence. Attachment C (p. 18) Pesca las palabras can be used to engage novice listeners in any authentic listening source. The sample activity in attachment C was used to listen to a BBC Mundo report on domestic workers in Latin America in a Level 2 class. Attachment D (p. 21) is a generic form to use while listening to any audio or video newscasts, and is based on the journalistic questions who, what, when, where, why, and how. For interest, vary the prelistening task and the application task according to the topic of the newscast you choose. The video news broadcasts found on the Web site Univision. om provide a wealth of short listening segments to use with this form. Strategy 6: Vary the evaluation of listening tasks, making it appropriate to the purpose of the task. WhenBUILDINGlisteningskills,useaprocess-orientedrubricsuchastheFormative Listening Comprehension Evaluation rubric (Attachment E, p. 22). This rubric evaluates four areas: 8 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 8 8/15/08 2:59:36 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Engagement Independentlistening Cooperativelistening Applicationofinformationgainedthroughlistening This formative rubric recognizes the importance of attention to the whole listening process. It can be used to assess any of the listening tasks involving the listening process outlined in Strategy 4. WhenEVALUATINGlisteningskills,teachersshouldusemoreobjective measures, such as multiple-choice questions. Alternatively, students can take notes and answer open-ended questions or summarize. Then teachers can use a more product-oriented rubric, evaluating the students’ ability to capture the main idea, understand most details, make predictions and inferences, and use linguistic cues to infer social relations. WhenINTEGRATINGskills,teachersshouldcreatetasksthatrequirestudents to listen, then use the information the students hear in writing and speaking tasks. Strategy 7: Develop your skill at finding appropriate listening materials on the Web, and share your findings with others. Work with your technology department to ensure that all teacher and student computers at school have the necessary software to view and listen to Web-based materials. With one teacher computer and speakers, all students can hear sound files on one computer. If you have the ability to project onto a large screen, you can share video clips from your computer with students. Encourage the library and computer resource center to make headphones available for students to borrow, so they can do their listening there. If you have a teacher Web site, include links to Web sites with audio. Many Web page programs also allow you to upload audio files to your site. Some excellent Web sources for listening follow: Radio Naciones Unidas http://radio. un. org/es/ This is an excellent source, since files are not copyrighted, the archive is searchable, many programs have transcripts, and files can be downloaded to your computer. Click on Abrir archivo to view a list of recent short news items. Click on the title ofthenewsitemtoseethetranscript. RIGHTCLICKonthefilebuttonandclick on â€Å"Save Target As,† then navigate to the folder in which you want to store the 9 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 9 8/15/08 2:59:36 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension file. The actual sound file should download onto your computer’s hard drive, or to a flash memory stick if you so indicate. You can then play it off your computer, burn a CD, etc. The archive is searchable, so you can enter a term such as arte, comida, Peru, etc. , to help find material on topics you are studying. BBC Mundo http://news. bbc. co. k/hi/spanish/news/ The site contains a wealth of text, multimedia, video, and audio materials, much of it organized by topic. Studio 834 provides interviews with speakers from all over the Spanish-speaking world, and many interviews include scripts. Use this resource to familiarize students with regional variations in accent. Radio nuevos horizontes http://www . nuevoshorizontes. org This site has a searchable archive of programs on a variety of culture, traditions, health, immigration, arts, literature, and personal finance topics. Free downloads of audio only; CDs available for purchase, with transcripts. Langmedia http://langmedia. fivecolleges. edu/collection/lm_spanish. html. Students can view short videos of native speaker interaction, from a variety ofcountries. Goodfornovicestudentsforcomprehensionandodeling,andfor comparing accents from a variety of countries. Uteach proficiency exercises http://www. laits. utexas. edu/spe/siteindex. php Here students can view short videos of native speakers doing performance tasks on a variety of topics at the novice, intermediate, and advanced levels. Language Acquisitions Resource Center at San Diego State University http://larc. dsu. edu/voces. VideotapedinterviewswithwomenfromGuatemala and Mexico present students with a variety of voices and experiences. The worksheet available at nflrc. hawaii. edu/voces provides a good example of showing evidence of engagement. Univision http://www. univision. com Enter â€Å"videos† in the â€Å"Uniclave† window and for a searchable collection of videos of one to eight minutes’ dura tion with news, entertainment, and more. Radio Caracol de Colombia http://www. caracol. com. co/ Has an audio archive link on the left-hand menu. 10 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 10 /15/08 2:59:36 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Strategy 8: Get students to interview and record native speakers, and share their recordings with classmates. Across the country, students in more and more communities today have the opportunity to use Spanish outside the classroom. Students can consider interviewing neighbors, parents’ co-workers, school personnel, etc. Handheld cassette recorders, microcassette recorders, digital voice recorders, certain mp3 players, computers, digital cameras, some phones, and iPods and other devices can be used to record voices. If your department can invest in even five digital voice recorders, you can lend them to students to do their interviews. Have your beginning students interview a native speaker, write a transcript of the conversation, and share the audio recording withclassmates. Keeptheinterviewssimpleatfirst,focusingonthetopicofthe current chapter or unit. For example, in a chapter on foods, the class can come up with a short questionnaire, for example: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ?Cualesunacomidatipicadetupais? ?Cualessonlosingredientes? ?Comoseprepara? ?Cualestucomidafavorita? Reflect with classmates on accents, regional vocabulary, and other haracteristics and how they effect pronunciation. At the intermediate level, include in your planning learning the language needed to call to request the interview, set up an appointment, and write a thank-you letter in Spanish. See attachment F (p. 23) for sample materials for an interview project from a Level 2 unit about jobs. Strategy 9: Target comp onent skills for listening. Focus your listening activities on component skills and strategies for listening. Here are some suggestions: skill Discourse type task type gain familiarity with regional variations interviews with people from various countries (BBC Mundo Estudio 834) Mark a transcript where regional differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, verb forms, etc. , are evident. news and information check list activity recognize familiar vocabulary in the context of speech intended for native speakers â€Å"Pesca las palabras† 11 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 11 8/15/08 2:59:36 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension skill Discourse type task type recognizing cognates in the stream of speech news and information texts Prepare a cloze passage by eliminating cognates; students listen and complete. The topic of health often has many cognates. Students listen and note as many cognates s they can. inferring social relationships from linguistic clues recorded interactions between native speakers such as those on the Langmedia Web site Note and discuss the linguistic clues. listening for main idea, detail news and information texts Prepare a T chart on the board, with â€Å"Main idea† and â€Å"Supporting detail. † Listen, and then ask what students understood. Have class decide where each piece of information should go. comprehending specific information news and information Complete charts, fill in blanks, write numbers heard, and answer prepared multiple-choice or open-ended questions. dvertisements Strategy 10: Create a culture of listening in your classroom. â€Å"Tweak† your classroom oral activities so they require students to listen actively to each other. For instance, expand your â€Å"Think – Pair – Share† activities to make them â€Å"Think – Pair – Share – Compare. † Have students share what the partner said, not what the student reporting said. Then after hearing from several students, ask another student to compare. For example, on Monday morning, students think about what they did on the weekend, pair with a partner to say what they did, and report to the class what their partner did. After hearing four to six students’ activities, ask another person which two students had the most similar weekends or which two had the most different weekends, or what all the students had in common. This activity, in addition to providing evidence of listening comprehension, practices the comparison and synthesis skills so important to the formal essay and formal oral presentation tasks. Tune into the mp3 generation. Encourage students to include Spanish music on their digital music players, and seek out Spanish language podcasts. As technology allows, create your own podcasts of lessons, explanations, or poems you are studying, andencouragestudentstoputthemontheiriPods. GarageBand(forMac)and Audacity (a free download for PCs) allow you to make your own audio programs. Even ifyouhaven’tlearnedthetoolsyet,manyofyourstudentshave. Getthemtoshow you, and start listening! 12 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 12 8/15/08 2:59:36 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Attachment A: Provide evidence of engagement – Fill in a chart Listening source – University of Texas Spanish Proficiency Exercises http://www. laits. utexas. edu/spe/beg06. tml Preparacion:Conunapareja,escribeunalistadetrabajos,oficiosyprofesiones en espanol. †¢ Ahoraescuchaalasseispersonashablardeltrabajodesuspadreso parientes. Usatuboligrafoparaanotarlosqueescuchas. nombre lo que hace el padre lo que hace la madre Ejemplo simplificado Nativo hablante Beatriz Luna Torres Alejandro Ernesto Madgits Regina Ruiz Maria Angel es Fernandez Fernando Camacho Apuntes para MI presenacion oral †¢ Hablacontucompanero. UsatuboligrafoVERDEparaanandirinformacion queescuchotucompanero. †¢ Escuchaotravezparaverificartutrabajo. †¢ Aplicacion:EscribelostrabajosdedospersonasqueTUconoces. Luego describe sus trabajos oralmente (graba la descripcion para tu portafolio). 13 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 13 8/15/08 2:59:36 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension mi nombre lo que hace lo que hace Attachment B: Sample â€Å"Checklist† activity based on the Radio United Nations news piece Lluvias en Costa Rica. Transcripcion–reportedeRadioNacionesUnidas,19deoctubrede2007. http://www. un. org/radio/es/detail/6528. html Nombre Fecha: A. Preparacion.? Quetiempohaceaquihoy? B. Escucha. UsatuboligrafoAZULymarcaconunapalomita(v)azullas palabras que escuchas. C. Lee tus palabras a tu companero. Escucha las palabras de tu companero. Marcasuspalabrasconunapalomita(v)verde. Palabra Yo escuche v mi companero escucho v en verde leimos en el texto sol calor lluvias nieve dias anos nacion aguas mas menos ayuda rios 14 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 14 8/15/08 2:59:37 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Palabra Yo escuche v mi companero escucho v en verde leimos en el texto institucion agencias comunicacion necesidades emergencia D. Anota numeros que escuchaste en el reporte. E. Anota5palabrasqueescuchastequeNOestanenlalista. F. Leelatrascripciondelprograma. Marcaenlaultimacolumnalaspalabrasque estanenelpasaje. G. APLICACION ComparaeltiempoenCostaRicaconeltiempoaqui. Engagement Independent listening Cooperative listening Application 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 15 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 15 8/15/08 2:59:37 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Lluvias en Costa Rica Dejan 18 Muertos T ranscript for Checklist Activity – Reporte de Radio Naciones Unidas, 19 octubre de 2007. http://www. un. org/radio/es/ detail/6528. html r eal Descargar imPrimir LaslluviastorrencialesdelosultimosdiasenCosta Rica,handejado18muertosycuantiosasperdidas materiales. El Coordinador Residente del Sistema de la ONU enesanacion,JoseManuelHermidas,describiolos fectos adversos que han tenido las aguas sobre el territorio costarricense. â€Å"Hanhabidoinundacionesseverasenvariaspartesdelpais. Todoellitoraldel PacificoestaafectadoytambienenelValleCentral. Delos81cantonesenCostaRica, 65 se han visto afectados. † Los danos provocados en las cosechas y las redes viales han sido estimados de manerapreli minar,enmasde70millonesdedolares. SegunelRepresentantedel PNUD, las agencias de la ONU en Costa Rice se encuentran listas para ofrecer la ayuda que pueda requerirse. â€Å"Hemosestadoenestrechacomunicacionconelentenacionalresponsablepara atenderlasemergencias,queeslaComisionNacionaldeEmergencias. Hemosidoa unareunionconellos,ademasdelascomunicacionescontinuasportelefonoy noshan dadounalistadelasnecesidadesmasurgentes. HemosinformadoaOCHAconuna solicitud, de parte del coordinador residente, para poder acceder a fondos para poder, entre otras cosas, comprar algunos de los requerimientos mas urgentes que segun la comisionnacionaldeemergenciasoncamillasymantas. † El representante de la ONU en Costa Rica, dijo que las necesidades de alimentos delosdamnificados,estansiendoresueltasporelgobiernoycompaniasprivadas. Attachment B: Teachers’ Notes Objective Identify familiar vocabulary in the stream of authentic speech. Prelistening–Askstudents? Quetiempohacehoy Lluevemuchoaqui? Discuss a bit about weather, at students’ level. Then pass out paper, and have students write about today’s weather. 16 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 16 8/15/08 2:59:37 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Listening Instructstudentstolistencarefully,andCHECKinBLUEorBLACKpen,any words on the list that they hear. Ask if they want to listen again, and repeat. Pair students and tell students to read the words they checked. Tell partners to useaGREENPENtocheckthewordstheirpartnerheard. DO NOT let them look at each others’ papers. This is the cooperative listening part—they listen to their partners’ answers and record. They should check all words the partner heard, even if they think the word wasn’t there. Then tell them they will listen again, and they should check to see if this time they hear words they didn’t last time. These should be circled in green pen. Post-listening Pass out the transcript so students can read and see which words in fact were there. Application Even beginning students can make a basic comparison with words like tambien, pero, mas, and menos. Students staple their paper to their partner’s paper and pass both in. You score on the rubric in Attachment E, which includes Engagement (followed directions and completed all listening tasks), Independent listening (how accurate student was on the first listening, indicated by checks in blue or black ink), Cooperative listening (includes the green checks, which generally correspond to partner’s paper and circled words, showing the ability to recognize the words once alerted to their presence), and Application (the post-listening Reflections task). 17 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 17 /15/08 2:59:37 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Attachment C: Generic Listening Task ?Pesca la palabra! Tema: Notasdelapreparacion Yo escuche mi companero escucho Conclusiones 4. clearly meets expectations 3. meets basic expectations 2. approaching expectations 1. Does not meet expectations Engagement Independent listening Cooperative listening Application 18 08-1442. A P. SF. Spanish. indd 18 8/15/08 2:59:37 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Attachment C: Pesca la Palabra – Lesson Guide Long-term goals (claims): †¢ Recognizefamiliarvocabularyinthestreamofspeech. Comprehendspeechintendedfornativespeakers. Specific objective: †¢ Recognizedfamiliarvocabularyandcognateswhenheardinthestreamof speech in authentic sources. Level: †¢ Novice(Spanish1and2) Teacher preparation Find an authentic listening passage relating to a current chapter theme or topic. Prepare the link on your computer, or download the file. Select a one- to twominute â€Å"chunk† of the program to focus on, noting the time marker in your media player for easy access. Select chunks with a good variety of words students have studied, as well as cognates. Photocopy the generic ? Pesca la Palabra! handout, filling out the theme and pre- and postlistening tasks prior to photocopying the form, if you wish. Once students are familiar with the procedure, they can create their own forms on notebook paper. Classroom procedures Prelistening: Chose an appropriate selection of prelistening strategies: †¢ Readthetheme/titleofthepresentationandaskforpredictionsaboutthe program. †¢ Showaphotoorobjectrelatedtothetopicanddescribeit. †¢ Predictcontent. †¢ Brainstormknownvocabulary. †¢ Offertopreteachfivevocabularywordstheydon’tknowbutthinkthey’ll need to understand the program. You could get the class to make a list of 10 words, then pick only 5 to translate for them. †¢ Hacerpredicciones-? Quevanaescuchar? 19 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 19 8/15/08 2:59:38 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Usetheâ€Å"Notasdelapreparacion†forstudentstoshowevidenceofengagement in the pre-listening activity. Instruct them to write a description of the picture, or list the vocabulary the class brainstormed, or write their predictions of what will be in the passage. Listening Students listen and jot down words they comprehend in column 1; they can listen twice if they wish. Pairing: Pair students. Students take turns reading words from their list. †¢ Ifyourpartnersaysawordthatisalreadyonyourlist,putacheckbyit. †¢ IfyourpartnersaysawordthatisNOTonyourlist,writeitinthesecond column. †¢ IfyourpartnersaysawordthatISonyourlist,putacheckbytheword,in the second column. Listen again If you hear a word your partner said, put a check by it in the first column. Postlistening The generic form has a place for conclusions. Depending on the difficulty of the passage and the level of the students, create a closing task. †¢ SummarizeinEnglish(orSpanish) †¢ Personalize(e. . ,Describeeltiempoennuestraciudadhoy) †¢ Reflect(Wastaskdifficultoreasy? Why? Observationsontheaccentof speaker, etc. ) Evaluation – Use the rubric in Attachment E. 20 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 20 8/15/08 2:59:38 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Attachment D GenericlisteningactivityforNewsProgram. Forexample,usewith Univision. com video segments . Noticias de la semana Antes de escuchar Fecha Fuente Pais Titular ?Quesabessobreeltema? Apuntes ?Quien? ?Que? ?Cuando? ?Donde? ?Como? Resumen/comparacion/personalizacion/opinion 21 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 21 /15/08 2:59:38 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Attachment E Formative Listening Comprehension Rubric, evaluating the listening process Have Pairs staPle PaPers togetHer anD turn in. graDe on tHe ruBric. 4 . clearly meets expectations 3. meets basic expectations 2. approaching expectations 1. not meeting expectations Written evidence and teacher observation provide evidence of full engagement throughout the listening activity. Notes and teacher observation show evidence of engagement; attention may wander, at times. Notes and teacher observation show artial evidence of engagement; off-task behavior or lack of attention detract from engagement. Notes and teacher observations show evidence of sporadic engagement in listening activities. Independent comp rehension clearly meets expectations for level. * Provides some evidence of independent comprehension; relies on classmates and total class discussion for some information. Provides little evidence of independent comprehension; relies heavily on partner work and class discussion for information. Prevents very little to no evidence of independent comprehension; may attempt to opy classmates’ work. Cooperative listening Shows clear evidence of sharing, listening, and note taking during pair interactions. Shows some evidence of sharing, listening, and note taking during pair interactions. Shows partial evidence of engagement in cooperative listening tasks. Contributes little to cooperative listening activities; may be off task and may distract classmates. Application Creatively and accurately uses information from listening in concluding tasks. Uses information from listening to complete concluding tasks. Uses minimal information from listening n completing concluding tasks. Pro vides little evidence of listening in completing concluding tasks. Engagement Independent listening *Expectations vary by task and level. 16 100 10 70 15 95 9 65 14 90 8 60 13 85 7 55 12 80 6 50 11 75 22 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 22 8/15/08 2:59:38 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Attachment F: Interview Activity As designed, this activity is appropriate at a Level 2 or higher. Goals †¢ Usesimple,familiarphrasestocommunicatewithSpanishspeakersinthe community. †¢ Toobtainspeechsamplesfromavarietyofnativespeakersforin-class listening. TolearnaboutjobsthataredonebySpanish-speakingcommunity members. †¢ Tocomprehendavarietyofnativespeakervoicestalkingaboutafamiliar topic. Procedures Preparation: †¢ Teachandpracticequestionsneededtogetinformationaboutanadult acquaintance’s job (see handout below). †¢ AssignstudentstofindaSpanish-speakingcommunitymemberto interview and record. Technology note – Many students have digital cameras, digital video cameras, phones, microcassette players, laptops, iPods with the iTalk microphone, mp3 players with voice recording capability, or other technology for recording the conversations. Our department has purchased a limited number of Olympus digital voice recorders (at around $70 each), which are lent out to students for one night if they have no other means of recording the conversation. Students are given a week or two to get the interviews to allow for technical problems. The following Web site has information on Olympus digital voice recorders. http://www. olympusamerica. com/cpg_section/cpg_voicerecorders. asp Project: Students record their interviews and transcribe them on the ENTREVISTA handout. 23 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 23 8/15/08 2:59:38 PM Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Sharing: In class, students share their interviews. Classmates fill in the chart with details about each conversation they hear. Evaluation: Based on completion of interview, accuracy of transcript, and note taking during the in-class sharing. Thanks to Lucinda Salinas, Alamo Heights High School Spanish 2 teacher, for sharing this activity. Used with permission. Cre atedtouseinconjunctionwiththeHolttextbookExpresateLevel2. 24 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 24 8/15/08 2:59:39 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Mi entrevista con †¦ Ud. Clase, quiero presentarles a Ud:? AquesededicaUd.? o? QueclasedetrabajorealizaUd.? El o Ella: Ud.? Quetipodepreparacionsenecesitaparaestaprofesion? (Fui a – I went to) El o Ella: Ud.? Comoleayudaelespanolensutrabajoosuvida? El o Ella:: Ud.? Otra pregunta, UD. escoja. ? El o Ella: 25 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 25 8/15/08 2:59:39 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension i salinas – alamo HeigHt HigH scHool – 2007 nombre de su companero ?vecino, amigo de la familia,etc†¦? el oficio Dime algo†¦ 26 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 26 8/15/08 2:59:39 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies Attachment G: Lesson Guide Goal–Familiarizestudentswithregionalaccents. From level one, engage students in listening to diverse voices. 1. Preparation †¢ Copythescriptsforthreeinterviews. Suggestedsourceis BBCMundo’s Estudio 834 †¢ http://news. bbc. co. uk/hi/spanish/programmes/estudio_834/ †¢ JavierZanetti,soccerplayerfromArgentina †¢ SaraBaras,flamencodancerfromSpain †¢ WillieColon,musicianfromNewYork(PuertoRicanancestry) 2. Materials Photocopies of scripts; highlighters. 3. Procedure †¢ Prelistening. a. Provide name, profession, and country. b. Ask for predictions about what students might hear. c. Students scan transcript to check on predictions, and find words they understand. †¢ Listening. Have students listen to each sample while following on their copy of the transcript. They should highlight any words or sounds that seem â€Å"different† from what they are used to hearing. Compare impressions and listen again. 4. Debrief Avoid generalizations like â€Å"in Spain, they speak like this,† or â€Å"Cubans pronounce it like this. † There is a great deal of regional and personal variation within countries. Make comments and observations about the ways the students hear THIS particular speaker pronounced at this particular moment. The goal is to increase the students’ comfort with variations, not to teach the specific characteristics of specific regional accents. (That could well be a different lesson at another level). Students write one or two sentences about each speaker’s pronunciation, and how easy or difficult the speaker was to understand. 27 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 27 8/15/08 2:59:39 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension 5. Evaluation Based principally on engagement as evidenced by notes taken on prelistening, highlighting on the transcript, postlistening conclusions, and teacher observation of participation in classroom discussion. Attachment G T ranscripts of segments from BBC Mundo Estudio 834 (4/7/06, 6/2/06, 4/21/06) Sara Baras – bailarina de flamenco HablaconBBCMundodespuesdehacerdosobrasdebaile,â€Å"MarianaPineda†y â€Å"Juanalaloca. † BBC: ? Queaprendistedespuesdecasi,segunentiendo,800representaciones entrelasdos? Sara Baras: Puessi,pasamoslasmil. Fueronmasdequinientas representacionesdecadauna,oseaqueaprendimuchisimo. Elhechodetrabajar al lado de directores tan importantes como Luis Pascual y Luis Olmos, ha sido algo que me ha llenado de cosas nuevas, de cosas de teatro, no solamente de baile. Yahoraescomosiapreciaramuchomasunquejido,ohacerdemimisma, porque el hecho de meterte en el personaje de alguien te va acostumbrando a expresarte siempre pensando en alguien. Cuando de repente no tienes nada que contar, sino simplemente bailar es algo muy diferente. El haber hecho â€Å"Mariana Pineda†yâ€Å"Juanalaloca†creoquemehaensenadomuchomasdeloqueyo pensaba,nosoloaniveldeespectaculo,sinopormibaile. BBC: Ydosmujeresexcepcionalesenesosdosespectaculos†¦? Queesparati unamujerexcepcional Cualesserianlosatributosdeunamujerque,comotu, esexcepcionalenlosuyo? Sara Baras: Muchas gracias†¦ risas) Yo creo que una mujer excepcional, por ejemplo, es mi madre. Creo que una buena persona, una persona con inquietudes,inteligente,generosa,unapersonaquedaalgomas,? no? Creoque sobre todo las madres me parecen mujeres excepcionales. El amor que puedan dar no lo comparo con nada. Willie Colonseconsiderauncreadordelasalsa. NacioenNuevaYork,nieto de puertorriquenos. Tengo enten dido que el 2006 es el ano de tu retiro, que estaspensandoenguardardefinitivamentetutrombon. Queriapreguntartesi realmenteteretirasoseguirasenlastarimashastaqueelcuerpoaguante. 28 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 28 8/15/08 2:59:39 PM Pre-AP ® Listening Comprehension Strategies W. C. : (Risas)†¦ No es exactamente un retiro, tengo algunos proyectos a los que quiero dedicarme y no puedo hacerlo mientras estoy de gira con la orquesta. Ahora estoy en el proceso de grabar un LP, puede ser mi ultimo y yo creo que me mantendriasiempreapegadoalamusica,laproduccionylacomposicion. Son cuarenta anos de viaje†¦ al final de este ano puede ser. BBC: Muchosdicenquelaedaddeorodelasalsanovolverayqueinclusono faltamuchoparaquedesaparezcacomogenerorentableenelnegociodela musica. Comolovestu,? lasalsaestamuriendo,seestatransformando,esta cambiandoaotrogenero? Colon: Bueno, esa es la ley natural, pero yo tengo confianza que algo viene, todoloviejoesnuevoydelonuevounosecansadespuesdeunrato. Yocreo queesunciclo,especialmentecuandolatecnologiahacambiado,quese puedegrabarunbuenLPenelsotanooenelgarajeconunacomputadora quenoestancara. Esovaapermitirquedenuevo,comoenmiepoca,surjan productores independientes porque uno de los problemas ha sido que las grandes corporacioneshanidoadquiriendotodoslossellos(discograficos)pequenos, entoncesmatanlacompetenciaytambienlahonestidadylarazondeserdela musica, una musica que nace de la esquina del barrio. En verdad no entienden la esenciayelporquelamusicaeratanrentableyestanimportante. Javier Zanetti juega futbol profesional en Italia, pero es de Argentina. El estableciounafundacionparaayudaraninospobresenArgentina. BBC: ? QuesignificaPupi,dedondevieneesenombre? Javier Zanetti: PupiesunsobrenombrequemepusieronLopezyCaballero cuandocomenceajugarfutbolenelclubargentinoBanfield. Despueslepusimos esenombrealafundacion. Hacecuatroanosquecomenzamosysinceramente hemoshechomuchisimascosaspararecaudarfondosparaestoschicos:partidos a beneficio, calendarios, pulseritas con los colores de Argentina, etc. Todo esto para ellos, para seguir fomentando y haciendo crecer los proyectos que tenemos en mente. BBC: Segun tenemos entendido son unos cien los ninos que reciben asistencia diariaenlafundacion†¦ Javier Zanetti: Si,enestosmomentoshaymasdecienchicosdetresacinco anos — los que nos estuvieron acompanando durante estos cuatro anos, ahora 29 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 29 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension tienensiete,ocho-ademastrabajamosconloshermanosdeestoschicosycon lospadres. Queremosunpococerrarelcirculo,paraayudaratodaslafamiliaen lasdistintasproblematicasquesepuedenpresentar. Bibliography Humbach,J. ,Smith,S. ,andMadrigalVelasco,S. ,Expresate Spanish 2. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2005. 30 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 30 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM GeneralStrategiesforAP ® Spanish Listening Comprehension Brant Hadzima Newfound Regional High School Bristol, New Hampshire Introduction Teaching and assessing listening comprehension are perhaps the most challenging components of the AP curriculum, due in great part to the many variables that affect a student’s ability to comprehend spoken Spanish: the physical classroom environment and school equipment, learning styles, note-taking skills, regional dialects, etc. Many teachers may assume that they are assessing â€Å"listening comprehension† when in fact they are assessing listening and cognitive reasoning skills. Listening may be part of the exercise, but the inevitable tasks of reasoning, critical thinking—even the kinesthetic connection to writing—are factors that can drastically affect the outcome. In essence, two of the major obstacles in solely assessing listening comprehension are first determining which factors may impede a true assessment of listening comprehension, and then making every effort to offer students the opportunity to mitigate these variables. This will help to provide a true baseline for students, and teachers will have a better understanding of whether they need to remediate listening or focus more on reasoning and critical thinking strategies. Teachers must know what students hear in order to then address how to analyze and synthesize the information presented orally. 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 31 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Eliminating Variables Although it may appear to be obvious, there are several issues that the classroom teacher must evaluate and address prior to administering a listening comprehension assessment. First and foremost, it is imperative that students are provided with the best possible equipment and physical space for listening comprehension. If no language lab is available, a classroom should be optimized for a listening environment: Students should be provided with headphones and a listening center, the room should be quiet, comfortable, and free from distractions such as PA announcements and hallway activity. (I can vividly recall an adept AP Spanish student who performed poorly on one of the practice listening comprehension assessments for no particular reason. I evaluated the listening comprehension segment, tried to determine if the regional accent was overwhelming, and even took the test myself. Exasperated, I finally asked the student why he did so poorly. His response: â€Å"I was watching the garbage truck picking up the dumpster outside the window. † By simply drawing the blinds, his scores improved remarkably. ) Once the classroom space and physical environment has been evaluated and addressed, it is important to know and understand each student’s learning style. Most people tend to rely heavily on visual references in order to supplement auditory comprehension. An example might be how teachers themselves process information at a faculty meeting. If the principal states an outline and a deadline for a project with no visual reference whatsoever, it is more probable that the staff will misinterpret and/ or forget the information stated. Although we have developed coping skills such as taking notes and asking clarifying questions, it is more likely that the request will be taken seriously and acted on in a timely fashion if it is written as well. Another example is when teachers are assigning homework. If teachers state what the homework will be without writing it on the board, there will inevitably be confusion for some (if not all) students. Of course there will be some who will diligently write down the assignment and ask a question if confused. Others, however, will remain silent and may not understand or remember the assignment. Therefore, one essential preassessment that should be done early in the school year is to have students determine their learning style. There are many assessments readily available, and one particularly detailed assessment is the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) developed by Richard M. Felder and Barbara A. Soloman of North Carolina State University. The Web site address is www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/ public/ILSpage. html, and it provides a free, 44-question Web-based assessment for students to determine their learning styles. Students should use this information 32 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 32 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM GeneralStrategiesforAP ® Spanish Listening Comprehension to better understand how they learn and process information, and teachers should discuss in the classroom how to best prepare for listening comprehension with the understanding that each student learns differently. Once the teacher and students understand their learning styles, the next step is to help auditory learners further hone and process their listening skills, and to provide the more visual learners with coping skills necessary to compensate for their discomfort with being assessed for listening comprehension. A student who â€Å"doesn’t like† listening comprehension and who â€Å"performs poorly† on these assessments may struggle due to personal learning style—and not due to Spanish language aptitude. We all have students who can read and write very well in Spanish, but who are not proficient in listening comprehension and/or speaking. It must be surmised that these students do not have a deficiency in Spanish, but rather in processing auditory information. Teaching more Spanish will not make them better listeners. On the contrary, teachers must make a conscious effort to help students develop coping skills and to help the students feel more at ease with the style of assessment. Pretesting Listening Comprehension After addressing physical space and learning style, it is important to give a comprehensive listening assessment in Spanish to obtain a baseline and to observe student test-taking strategies. It is best to utilize assessments that model what will be tested on the AP Spanish Language Examination, and AP Spanish–style listening comprehension assessments with resource kits are readily available for purchase and do quite well for student preparation. AP Central ® has audio files available and sample assessments as well for teacher use in the classroom. Regardless, teachers should pretest listening comprehension with short dialogues and narratives, and also medium-to-long narratives and dialogues. I recommend giving students an overview of how they will be pretested, and to recommend that students take notes when necessary. During the actual pretest it is a good idea to observe student behavior. Perhaps more valuable than the data from the pretest is the observation of student test-taking skills;i. e. ,whichstudentstookthoroughnotesandwhichonesjustlistened? What didthenoteslooklike—weretherelists,graphicorganizers,andothervisualaides? Whichstudentswereeasilydistractedand/orwereunabletofocus? Didstudents simply look for words written in the multiple-choice answers that were said in the dialogue (â€Å"word recognition†), or did they first interpret the information and then use processofeliminationtoselectthebestpossibleanswer? 3 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 33 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM s Pecial focus: Teaching Listening Comprehension Most likely, the students who performed the best in the assessment were the ones who were taking notes, who were focused, and who concentrated on understanding and interpreting the information instead of just attempting to recognize words that matched the ones in th e answers provided. Obviously, basic proficiency in Spanish is essential, and a student who does not have the proper skill base from prior classes will be at a complete loss. However, assuming that students have had the proper prior training (for more information, please refer to the AP Vertical Teams ® and Pre-AP publications on the AP Web site), the issue at hand will be to teach students to be better listeners. Teaching Listening Skills Once a baseline for listening comprehension has been established, the task of honing listening skills and forming coping mechanisms begins. The first step is to help students create their own system for listening. I have found it very helpful to model good test-taking skills as a way to broach the topic of how to tackle the listening component. After the students take the initial pretest in listening comprehension, I take the test myself in front of the class. I copy the answer key onto an overhead transparency, and we play the test out loud. As the dialogues are played, I take notes on the overhead or the board, and create links and graphic organizers. I then model the answer selection on the overhead using the process of elimination, and explaining why certain answers are wrong while referring to my notes. Often students will start to discuss the thought process, and it becomes an interactive class where students generate ideas and discuss what they did for that particular dialogue or narrative. At times students will volunteer to direct the next dialogue, and I allow them to model their thought process for the class. The essential component to that particular lesson is that students see how to process information that is presented verbally, that they observe and evaluate techniques that worked (and didn’t work). At that point, they should begin to develop a routine for listening comprehension that works for them. I finish the lesson by having students tell me what they intend to do differently next time to perform better. For the next listening comprehension activity I eliminate the variable of the multiple-choice questions. This gives students the opportunity to focus directly on the dialogue or narrative and to employ their personal listening strategies. The class begins by brainstorming various note-taking techniques. Next, students are asked to listen to a 10-minute narrative and to take notes on the essential information. When the narrative ends, students are allotted 15 minutes to summarize the narrative in 34 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 34 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM GeneralStrategiesforAP ® Spanish Listening Comprehension their own words (in Spanish). We then read our summaries out loud, and by sharing we realize what may have been missed, what was truly essential, and what impeded our understanding. Students should begin to realize that deficiencies in vocabulary, perhaps dialects, the rate and speed of the speaker, and background information may be impediments for comprehension. Practice When students understand the impediments to comprehending a dialogue or narrative, the task then becomes practicing, and learning by trial and error. Unlike writing or grammar, there is a limit to skills that can be taught for simply listening. Essentially, once distractions have been eliminated, the format of the assessment is familiar, and note-taking skills have been instructed and reviewed, the only way to improve is through continual practice. Practicing listening comprehension should be frequent, varied, authentic, and routine in order to truly prepare students for the examination. In reality, there should never be an AP Spanish Language class where listening is not an integral component of the class itself. It is important to note that not all listening activities have to be assessed formally, but it is important that they be assessed in a variety of ways. Visual Versus Nonvisual Although there are many ways to present listening, it is best to separate listening comprehension activities into two categories: those with a visual aid and those without. The listening activities that allow for a visual reference may be easier for many students, as they provide a frame of reference and therefore some level of comfort. Using segments from Spanish television, a podcast, or watching a PowerPoint presentation can function as a less threatening form of integrating listening into the daily classes. It is vital to ensure that these activities be varied so that students do not get too accustomed to a particular dialect or vocabulary base. If utilizing segments of Spanish television is part of the class routine, make sure to access different programs and channels whenever possible. Have students â€Å"prelisten† by presenting the title or some background on the segment, and discuss what they could expect to hear. Most importantly, however, assess what they have heard. Assessments can range from a quick student synopsis to a formative written assessment to a class discussion. The assessment piece is essential nevertheless, and 35 08-1442. AP. SF. Spanish. indd 35 8/15/08 2:59:40 PM How to cite The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success, Essay examples